![]() We now have a better understanding of factors controlling muscle plasticity. Other impairments such as low physical endurance related to lower aerobic capacity ( Rose et al., 1989 see “Fitness”) and the secondary abnormalities that arise due to the long-term effects of the abnormal forces and stretches imposed on the skeleton and muscles by the effects of the primary brain injury ( Gage and Schwartz, 2009) also contribute to the movement disorder. Richards, Francine Malouin, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 Associated impairments Namely, variants in regulatory region of VEGF gene affect its expression levels leading to the improvement of the maximal oxygen consumption ( V O2max) and thus could be considered as a potential target for gene doping ( Akhmetov et al., 2008 Prior et al., 2006).Ĭarol L. Numerous studies have showed association of VEGF gene variants with physical performance of athletes. One of the key regulators of angiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the glycoprotein responsible for blood and lymphatic vessel cell proliferation ( Bernatchez et al., 1999). Although the formation of new blood vessels is stimulated by aerobic exercise training ( Shono et al., 2002), individual differences in the degree of angiogenesis is determined by genetic factors ( Rogers and D'Amato, 2006). The enhancement of physical endurance could also be achieved by increasing of number of blood vessels around each muscle fiber, which leads to an increase in gas, heat, and nutrient exchange between blood and working muscle fibers ( Akhmetov et al., 2008). ![]() ![]() Ursela Barteczko, in Clinical Ethics At the Crossroads of Genetic and Reproductive Technologies, 2018 VEGF Gene
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